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VIDEO TUTORIAL

PRODUCTEN GEBRUIKT IN DIT PROJECT

Hoewel dit niet noodzakelijkerwijs een volledige lijst is, zijn de volgende gereedschappen en materialen, geleverd door Easy Composites, gebruikt in dit project.

De hieronder getoonde hoeveelheid is de hoeveelheid die bij benadering in het project is gebruikt, naar boven afgerond op de dichtstbijzijnde beschikbare kitmaat of hoeveelheid.

VERSTERKINGEN
XC110 210g 2x2 Twill 3k Prepreg Carbon Fibre (1250mm) 1m Roll Thumbnail
XC110-C331T2-210(1250)-1XC110 210g 2x2 Twill 3k Prepreg Carbon Fibre (1250mm) 1m Roll€84.15 /roll

Totaal €0,00
GEREEDSCHAP & UITRUSTING
Plastic Ontvormwig Klein Duimnagel
PA-W-SKunststof Ontvormwig Klein€1.75 /per stuk

TBC2 Doorsteekconnector miniatuur
VBTBC2TBC2 Door-zak aansluiting€19.90 /per stuk

Totaal €0,00
VERBRUIKSARTIKELEN VOOR VACUÜMZAKKEN
ST150 Vacuümzak afdichtband 15m per stuk Duimnagel
VBST150ST150 Vacuümzak afdichtband 15m per stuk€6.65 /rol

BR180 140g Ontluchtingsdoek (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak Duimnagel
AFBR180-152-5PKBR180 140g Ontluchtingsdoek (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak€11.35 /pak

VB160 Vacuümzakfolie LFT (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak Duimnagel
AFVB160-152LFT-5PKVB160 Vacuümzakfolie LFT (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak€14.40 /verpakking

VB155 Vacuum Bagging Film 100mm Tube - 5lm Folded Pack Thumbnail
AFVB155-010LFT-5PKVB155 Vacuum Bagging Film 100mm Tube - 5lm Folded Pack€5.75 /pack

Totaal €0,00

VIDEO TUTORIAL

Lamineren en verpakken van een koolstofvezelbuis met een gedeelde mal

In this video tutorial we take a detailed look at how to laminate and then vacuum bag tubular composite components using a split-mould process with an internal vacuum bag.

This process can be used to produce non-straight tube forms such as carbon fibre handlebars, kayak paddles and induction tubes. It can also be used for very complex tubular structures such as carbon fibre bike frames and suspension wishbones. In fact, this video is intended to provide a more detailed look at the laminating methodology and vacuum bagging principles used in our video tutorial on how to make a carbon fibre bike frame.

In situations where only a straight tube form is required, the roll-wrapped tube manufacturing method would often be more appropriate, or in commercial manufacture processes such as pultrusion or pulwinding, can also be used. However, none of these processes can be used for curved/bent tubes or complex tubular structures.


BACKGROUND

What about internal bladders?

Deze methode is een alternatief voor de methode met een inwendige drukblaas die vaak wordt gebruikt bij de productie van fietsframes. Hiervoor zijn veel zwaardere mallen nodig, die meestal worden gemaakt van massieve aluminium knuppels die bestand moeten zijn tegen de vervorming die wordt veroorzaakt door de onevenwichtige druk van de inwendige blaas.

Door de druk gelijkmatig op de binnen- en buitenkant van de matrijs uit te oefenen, veroorzaakt deze methode van inwendig vacuümzakken weinig of geen vervorming van de matrijs, waardoor veel lichtere - en goedkopere - matrijzen kunnen worden gebruikt.

What about autoclave curing?

Hoewel we in deze tutorial het proces demonstreren waarbij alleen vacuümdruk wordt gebruikt en het onderdeel vervolgens wordt uitgehard in een conventionele oven (bekend als 'out-of-autoclave prepreg'), kan - en wordt - exact hetzelfde proces worden gebruikt voor het onder hoge druk uitharden van buis- en framestructuren in een autoclaaf. Voor uitharding in een autoclaaf hoef je niets te veranderen aan de materialen, de lay-up of het vacuümverpakkingsproces dat in deze handleiding wordt getoond.

Net als bij de vacuüm uitharding buiten de autoclaaf, creëert het uitharden in de autoclaaf met dezelfde interne vacuümzakconfiguratie ook gelijke druk aan beide zijden van de mal, waardoor deze lichtere composietgereedschappen gebruikt kunnen worden.

Does it have to be prepreg?

Complexe koolstofvezel buis- of frameframes worden bijna uitsluitend gemaakt met behulp van het prepreg spuitgietproces. Dit heeft vooral te maken met de praktische aspecten van het nauwkeurig snijden, hanteren en positioneren van de wapening in de gedeelde mal, het manipuleren van de wapening wanneer de mal gesloten wordt en het werken rond de wapening om de verbruiksmaterialen voor het vacuümzakken te positioneren. Al deze processen zouden moeilijk of bijna onmogelijk zijn met een traditionele natte oplegmethode of alternatieve vacuümgietprocessen zoals harsinfusie van droge stof.

In deze video gebruiken we de XPREG XC110 uitautoclaaf koolstofvezel prepreg, die in de oven is uitgehard met behulp van een trapsgewijs temperatuurprofiel tot 120C; videotutorial over het maken van prepreg koolstofvezelonderdelen uitautoclaaf hier.

Suitable tool/mould materials

Omdat in deze tutorial prepreg koolstofvezelwapening wordt gebruikt, moet het onderdeel in een oven op verhoogde temperatuur worden uitgehard. Het is daarom essentieel dat het materiaal waarvan de mal is gemaakt een voldoende hoge gebruikstemperatuur heeft. De mal die in deze instructie wordt gebruikt, is gemaakt met ons XT135 prepreg-systeem voor koolstofvezelgereedschappen dat buiten de autoclaaf wordt gebruikt; video-instructie over het maken van prepreg-gereedschappen voor koolstofvezel buiten de autoclaaf hier.

Als alternatief kan de mal met de hand gelamineerd worden met een hoge temperatuur epoxy gereedschapsysteem, zoals onze EG160/EL160/EMP160 producten; video tutorial over het met de hand lamineren van een hoge temperatuur epoxy mal hier.


UITSPLITSING TUTORIAL

Templating and cutting the first ply of prepreg

1. Templating and cutting the first ply of prepreg

Om de vorm van de prepreg wapening bij benadering te bepalen, wordt afplaktape aangebracht op het oppervlak van de ene helft van de mal. De afplaktape wordt vervolgens verwijderd en op de prepreg wapening gepositioneerd. Omdat de mal nog niet nauwkeurig is, wordt deze in alle richtingen ongeveer 1 cm verlengd.

De voorgevormde prepreg wordt dan in de mal gelamineerd. Als het volledig op zijn plaats zit, wordt de overhangende wapening voorzichtig weggesneden zodat de wapening precies op maat is gesneden, gelijk met de rand van de spleet.

De koolstofvezelafsnijdingen worden dan teruggelegd op het steunpapier zodat het papier kan worden gesneden om een nauwkeurig sjabloon te maken dat precies aangeeft hoe de wapening in de mal wordt gedrapeerd. Deze sjabloon kan worden bewaard voor toekomstig gebruik.

Templating the staggered laps

2. Templating the staggered laps

Bij het lamineren van wapening in een gespleten mal is het essentieel dat het grootste deel van de wapening doorloopt over de splijtlijn, zodat er geen zwak punt ontstaat bij deze verbinding. Zonder overlappende wapening zouden de twee helften van het onderdeel gewoon uit elkaar vallen!

Lagen wapening die doorlopen over de splitlijn worden overlappingen of 'laps' genoemd. Om te voorkomen dat er andere zwakke punten in het laminaat ontstaan, worden deze overlappen zelf gespreid door ze verschillende groottes te geven. In de tutorial worden de overlappende stukken wapening gesneden op 5mm, 10mm en 15mm breder dan de splitlijn.

Om te proberen een consistente wanddikte rond de buis te behouden, worden de overeenkomstige stukken wapening voor de andere helft van de buis smaller gesneden dan de splijtlijn. Echter, om enige overlapping van de overlappingen te creëren, wordt de wapening aan deze kortere kant in feite iets groter gesneden dan het zou zijn als de wapening elkaar zou ontmoeten in een perfecte stuikverbinding.

Adding the 'lapped' plies

3. Adding the 'lapped' plies

De 'oversized' lagen worden achtereenvolgens in de tegenoverliggende zijde van de splitmal gelamineerd.

De eerste laag die wordt toegevoegd heeft het kleinste verlengstuk (5mm), ontworpen om de op maat gesneden eerste laag aan de andere kant van de mal enigszins te overlappen. Vervolgens worden de 10 mm en 15 mm verlenglagen toegevoegd.

Terugkerend naar de eerste kant van de gesplitste mal (waar de op maat gesneden laag al in zit) worden de twee kortere lagen toegevoegd aan deze helft, opnieuw in volgorde steeds korter om overeen te komen met de steeds langere overlappingen aan de verlengkant.

Adding the tubular bagging film

4. Adding the tubular bagging film

De vacuümzakconfiguratie in deze tutorial is een interne buisvormige vacuümzak. Hierbij wordt een buisvormige zak door de middelste, gedeelde matrijsbuis geleid en vervolgens wordt deze buis verbonden met een externe 'envelop' zak aan de buitenkant van de matrijs.

Het type buisvormige verpakkingsfolie dat we gebruiken is onze VB155 zelfoprollende buisvormige verpakkingsfolie met zijvouw in een breedte van 100 mm.

Met de buisvormige verpakkingsfolie binnenin worden de twee helften van de mal voorzichtig naar elkaar toegebracht, waarbij erop wordt gelet dat de 'laps' correct zijn gepositioneerd en niet gevouwen of bekneld raken wanneer de mal wordt gesloten.

Completing the vacuum bag

5. Completing the vacuum bag

Om te beginnen wordt de buitenkant van de gespleten mal omwikkeld met BR180 ademend doek om een luchtstroom te creëren en te voorkomen dat de vacuümzak per ongeluk wordt doorboord door scherpe details op de mal.

Vervolgens wordt de hele mal omgeven door een grote 'envelop' zak van VB160 vacuümverpakkingsfolie. Het principe is dat de buisvormige vacuümzak een 'tunnel' creëert door het midden van de envelopzak. Wanneer het vacuüm wordt getrokken, wordt het van binnenuit de omhullingszak getrokken, waardoor de zak aan de buitenkant van de mal wordt gezogen en de buisvormige zak aan de binnenkant van de buis.

Om deze 'tunnel' door de zak te maken, wordt de buitenkant van de buisvormige zak aan de binnenkant van de enveloppezak geseald met wat vacuüm sealtape.

Vervolgens wordt de vacuümzak volledig vacuüm getrokken met onze EC.4 composiet vacuümpomp. Er wordt zorgvuldig gecontroleerd of de vacuümzak perfect is afgesloten, zonder lekken.

Oven cure the prepreg

6. Oven cure the prepreg

Het vacuüm verpakte onderdeel wordt vervolgens overgebracht naar een oven om uit te harden. Omdat we de XPR XC110 prepreg uit de autoclaaf gebruiken om dit onderdeel te maken, moet een specifieke uithardingscyclus worden gevolgd om de beste resultaten te krijgen. Zie de XC110 verwerkingsgids voor alle details over aanbevolen uithardingscycli en verwerking voor XPREG XC110.


DISCUSSIE (19)

Laat het ons weten als je vragen of opmerkingen hebt over deze videotutorial.


ingusmant
There seems like a lot of waste with the vacuum forming process, is there any alternatives?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
It depends what you need to achieve. For low volume production, there's not really much you could do to reduce consumables if you want to achieve a high quality product but if you were making hundreds (or thousands) of these components then there would be ways to introduce some re-usable elements, such as a re-useable silicone bladder.

Flatixable
This manufacturing method seems to produce so much plastic waste.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat

The environmental impact of composites is a little more nuanced than simply looking at some of the plastic consumables used in the manufacturing process. Generally speaking, advanced composites is now looked to as being highly significant for the production of lighter, more efficient technology, especially in transport. If you need to use a metre or two of bagging film to save a kilogram off the weight of an aircraft door component then the reduction in fuel needed over the lifetime of the component would dwarf the environmental impact of the films and manufacturing process used to make the component. Advanced composites is already saving thousands of tonnes of CO2 every year in passenger aircraft and other mass transit applications. Disposed of in a responsible way, plastic film causes no environment harm but the lightweight component helps to reduce climate change throughout its life.


Jet Guy
Very informative video...this process is quite ingenious, and could be made to produce all kinds of tubular components...I'm thinking if this could be used to make a propeller blade for a wind turbine or small aircraft?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi, yes, that's right. It's basically the same as a positive pressure bladder process but without the need for the very stiff moulds to resist the deformation if you're inflating from the inside. There are drawbacks too, this process can only utilise 1 bar of pressure whereas a positive pressure bladder, into a sufficiently strong mould, can use a lot more pressure. However, if more pressure is needed then you could do the exact process shown in this video and then load the whole assembly into an autoclave to increase the ambient pressure.

Felix Su
Isn't the joint seam a weak point in the piece? Much weaker than the rest of the piece which is a single sheet, right? If it is, do you know how much weaker it is? Any rough numbers?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Felix, not really. In the tutorial you can see that the position of the join is staggered from one layer to the next, there are 3 plies of laminate in this layup and the join is in a different place on each ply. Also, where the join happens, there is a slight overlap which increases the thickness of the laminate where the join is and lends continuity. It's true that a continuous layup would be preferable but that's rarely possible due to difficulty or complexity of obtaining a suitable woven braid or 3D preform.

Enzo Poseidon
Is this as strong as the stuff they use on F1 or hyper cars?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Enzo, pretty-much. There are some special components where alternative modulus carbon fibre might be used or resin systems with different properties but this is essentially the same. For example, we supply 2 European hypercar manufacturers with their prepregs.

Emiliano Mata Miranda
wow! how you made that tool? Can you make a video on CFRP tooling? thanks...
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Emiliano, it's a prepreg carbon fibre tool. The patterns (for the two halves) were CNC machined from epoxy tooling board like in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWAvo8DIZ9s and then the mould halves made from made from XT135 tooling prepreg like in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4GdAuNji5g

Jason Xu
Is there a reason to use vac instead of just pressurizing a bladder inside the mould?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The moulds you need for a pressurised bladder need to be incredibly strong (usually billet aluminium) in order to resist the deflection of the 'unbalanced' pressurised bladder. Therefore they tend to be very expensive to produce. An internal vacuum bag setup like this exerts equal pressure on the inside and outside of the mould, allowing much lighter, more cost effective composite moulds to be used.

Roger Onslow
This is so labour intensive it will never replace traditional metal methods except for absolutely weight critical applications.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Well, of course that's right Roger; advanced carbon fibre composites are definitely not a potential rival for mass produced forms where weight is not critical.

iammimic79
You could make a lost wax casting mould so there would not be a split in it the carbon could take the heat to melt the wax back into a form to make another
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Lost wax is tricky for prepregs but there are other sacrificial cores that could be used, they tend to be water-soluble wash-out cores. It really depends on the component, some need a finished outside, others a finished inside. Using a sacrificial mandrel will give you a better *inside*.

Ryan Smith
What is the advantage of having the laps on both edges of one piece of fabric and trimming both edges on the other as opposed to cutting mirror images for each side?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
It is slightly easier to lay it up that way. Structurally there is little difference - the overlap takes care of that.

Anthony Warren
One could I think replace the layup with braided prepreg tubes of the correct diameter, simplifying the process. Has Easy Composites ever used braided carbon prepreg before?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
There's a few obstacles with braided sleeves Anthony. Firstly, I'm not sure how braided prepregs could even practically be manufactured, stored, handled or used (although there may be solutions I'm not familiar with). For starters, the prepreg process has films on the inside and outside of the prepreg, I'm not sure how that could work - practically - for a braided sleeve. Furthermore, in most cases, the fibre orientation of a braid would be wrong. Braids will have predominantly +/- 45 degree fibre orientation, or at least some off-axis orientation, due to the way they're woven. Most applications for carbon tubes made the way we do in this video use a lot of unidirectional carbon oriented down the length of the tube, which isn't possible using a braided sleeve.

ATL Riot
That came out really well. Can you reuse any of the vacuum material? Also does the inter bag have to go all the way through the vacuum bag or just one side open to atmosphere?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The bag is sealed on both sides otherwise it would never pull a vacuum

Mark Tangney
I'm very keen on his stuff now. Almost as accessible as fiberglass for the previous generation. I have a similar question to Jason's. Can some sort of balloon be used in an internal mould?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The moulds you need for a pressurised bladder need to be incredibly strong (usually billet aluminium) in order to resist the deflection of the 'unbalanced' pressurised bladder. Therefore they tend to be very expensive to produce. An internal vacuum bag setup like this exerts equal pressure on the inside and outside of the mould, allowing much lighter, more cost effective composite moulds to be used.

mwinner101
Does the seam give up any strength compared to the rest of the part? Will the failure be the same if part is tested 0° or turned 90°? Just wondering if the seem orientation needs to be factored. Thanks.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The seam (and joins in carbon fibre) will inevitably influence the failure point on the component. Depending on the amount of overlap and the position and staggering of the joins though it could even be that the seam would fail last. Remember that it often wouldn't be possible to change the position or orientation of the seam if the mould is to work correctly as a split mould. Often there is only one place where the split can be.

The Akh
Cool, but not the most practical option for one off DIY. This is three step; plug, mold, layup with lots of surface prep between. Make the "plug" out of foam, layup. Dissolve foam and then finish work.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Yes, you can do this. It really depends on the general quality you're working towards. A dissolvable foam mandrel will be putting you in a very different place in terms of accuracy, finish and future production but could be a workable option for one-offs or more basic solutions.

Nigel Taylor
A great video thanks. Does the internal bag have to be open at both ends or is one end sufficient ? I current make RC Glider fuselage pods using a bladder but am interested in trying the vac bag method. Many thanks
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Nigel, it would be absolutely fine for it to be only open at one end. This would be very common for complex frame sections or the plane fuselage, as you suggested.

Honda Nickx
I always wanted to know how to make this kind of tube. Now I know; thanks. Is this also somehow possible to make when using a plug so that the inside will be smooth everywhere? I once saw a 4-piece demountable tube as a plug .
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Wow, that would really be a complex moulding. Anything is possible but you'd face a huge number of difficulties and challenges to make a matched tool, split mould in the way you're describing. I'm not really sure that there are too many situations where a double A-side tube mould would be sufficiently required to justify the tooling and production complexity. Probably better to finish one side by hand.

Rolf Nilsen
If I may - some of us dinosaurs are still stuck with techniques from the 60s. I enjoy these pre-preg videos immensely. They are very good and there is always something to learn. If you get the time in the future however - some wet layup techniques in addition would be great :-)
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Rolf, we totally agree. We're aware that our tutorials have been a bit prepreg heavy recently and so we have lots more planned using wet lay, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, resin infusion, all sorts of other techniques. There is definitely much more to composites than just prepreg and to be honest lots of what we do (training and manufacturing) uses lots more basic techniques. After the bike frame video we just needed to get this one made to explain the process in a clearer way. Now we can move on to some other techniques. In 2 videos' time it is a wet lay process, promise!

David Nee
I have done many vac bagging setups but never internal like this. I don't or didn't see how this worked......it looked like the green internal bag would collapse being vac'ed. To put pressure internally on the fiber, the internal green bag needs to be expanded. (???) I am seeing this wrong?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi David, yes, you might be seeing this wrong. Think of the pink bag being the vacuum bag, then think of the green bag as being a tunnel through the middle of the pink bag. That tunnel has the carbon fibre (and the split mould) on the outside of it. When the air is sucked out of the pink bag the atmospheric pressure pushes on the outside of the mould but also the inside of the tunnel. Does that make sense?

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PRODUCTEN GEBRUIKT IN DIT PROJECT

Hoewel dit niet noodzakelijkerwijs een volledige lijst is, zijn de volgende gereedschappen en materialen, geleverd door Easy Composites, gebruikt in dit project.

De hieronder getoonde hoeveelheid is de hoeveelheid die bij benadering in het project is gebruikt, naar boven afgerond op de dichtstbijzijnde beschikbare kitmaat of hoeveelheid.

VERSTERKINGEN
XC110 210g 2x2 Twill 3k Prepreg Carbon Fibre (1250mm) 1m Roll Thumbnail
XC110-C331T2-210(1250)-1XC110 210g 2x2 Twill 3k Prepreg Carbon Fibre (1250mm) 1m Roll€84.15 /roll

Totaal €0,00
GEREEDSCHAP & UITRUSTING
Plastic Ontvormwig Klein Duimnagel
PA-W-SKunststof Ontvormwig Klein€1.75 /per stuk

TBC2 Doorsteekconnector miniatuur
VBTBC2TBC2 Door-zak aansluiting€19.90 /per stuk

Totaal €0,00
VERBRUIKSARTIKELEN VOOR VACUÜMZAKKEN
ST150 Vacuümzak afdichtband 15m per stuk Duimnagel
VBST150ST150 Vacuümzak afdichtband 15m per stuk€6.65 /rol

BR180 140g Ontluchtingsdoek (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak Duimnagel
AFBR180-152-5PKBR180 140g Ontluchtingsdoek (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak€11.35 /pak

VB160 Vacuümzakfolie LFT (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak Duimnagel
AFVB160-152LFT-5PKVB160 Vacuümzakfolie LFT (1520mm) 5m gevouwen pak€14.40 /verpakking

VB155 Vacuum Bagging Film 100mm Tube - 5lm Folded Pack Thumbnail
AFVB155-010LFT-5PKVB155 Vacuum Bagging Film 100mm Tube - 5lm Folded Pack€5.75 /pack

Totaal €0,00

DISCUSSIE (19)

Laat het ons weten als je vragen of opmerkingen hebt over deze videotutorial.


ingusmant
There seems like a lot of waste with the vacuum forming process, is there any alternatives?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
It depends what you need to achieve. For low volume production, there's not really much you could do to reduce consumables if you want to achieve a high quality product but if you were making hundreds (or thousands) of these components then there would be ways to introduce some re-usable elements, such as a re-useable silicone bladder.

Flatixable
This manufacturing method seems to produce so much plastic waste.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat

The environmental impact of composites is a little more nuanced than simply looking at some of the plastic consumables used in the manufacturing process. Generally speaking, advanced composites is now looked to as being highly significant for the production of lighter, more efficient technology, especially in transport. If you need to use a metre or two of bagging film to save a kilogram off the weight of an aircraft door component then the reduction in fuel needed over the lifetime of the component would dwarf the environmental impact of the films and manufacturing process used to make the component. Advanced composites is already saving thousands of tonnes of CO2 every year in passenger aircraft and other mass transit applications. Disposed of in a responsible way, plastic film causes no environment harm but the lightweight component helps to reduce climate change throughout its life.


Jet Guy
Very informative video...this process is quite ingenious, and could be made to produce all kinds of tubular components...I'm thinking if this could be used to make a propeller blade for a wind turbine or small aircraft?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi, yes, that's right. It's basically the same as a positive pressure bladder process but without the need for the very stiff moulds to resist the deformation if you're inflating from the inside. There are drawbacks too, this process can only utilise 1 bar of pressure whereas a positive pressure bladder, into a sufficiently strong mould, can use a lot more pressure. However, if more pressure is needed then you could do the exact process shown in this video and then load the whole assembly into an autoclave to increase the ambient pressure.

Felix Su
Isn't the joint seam a weak point in the piece? Much weaker than the rest of the piece which is a single sheet, right? If it is, do you know how much weaker it is? Any rough numbers?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Felix, not really. In the tutorial you can see that the position of the join is staggered from one layer to the next, there are 3 plies of laminate in this layup and the join is in a different place on each ply. Also, where the join happens, there is a slight overlap which increases the thickness of the laminate where the join is and lends continuity. It's true that a continuous layup would be preferable but that's rarely possible due to difficulty or complexity of obtaining a suitable woven braid or 3D preform.

Enzo Poseidon
Is this as strong as the stuff they use on F1 or hyper cars?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Enzo, pretty-much. There are some special components where alternative modulus carbon fibre might be used or resin systems with different properties but this is essentially the same. For example, we supply 2 European hypercar manufacturers with their prepregs.

Emiliano Mata Miranda
wow! how you made that tool? Can you make a video on CFRP tooling? thanks...
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Emiliano, it's a prepreg carbon fibre tool. The patterns (for the two halves) were CNC machined from epoxy tooling board like in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWAvo8DIZ9s and then the mould halves made from made from XT135 tooling prepreg like in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4GdAuNji5g

Jason Xu
Is there a reason to use vac instead of just pressurizing a bladder inside the mould?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The moulds you need for a pressurised bladder need to be incredibly strong (usually billet aluminium) in order to resist the deflection of the 'unbalanced' pressurised bladder. Therefore they tend to be very expensive to produce. An internal vacuum bag setup like this exerts equal pressure on the inside and outside of the mould, allowing much lighter, more cost effective composite moulds to be used.

Roger Onslow
This is so labour intensive it will never replace traditional metal methods except for absolutely weight critical applications.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Well, of course that's right Roger; advanced carbon fibre composites are definitely not a potential rival for mass produced forms where weight is not critical.

iammimic79
You could make a lost wax casting mould so there would not be a split in it the carbon could take the heat to melt the wax back into a form to make another
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Lost wax is tricky for prepregs but there are other sacrificial cores that could be used, they tend to be water-soluble wash-out cores. It really depends on the component, some need a finished outside, others a finished inside. Using a sacrificial mandrel will give you a better *inside*.

Ryan Smith
What is the advantage of having the laps on both edges of one piece of fabric and trimming both edges on the other as opposed to cutting mirror images for each side?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
It is slightly easier to lay it up that way. Structurally there is little difference - the overlap takes care of that.

Anthony Warren
One could I think replace the layup with braided prepreg tubes of the correct diameter, simplifying the process. Has Easy Composites ever used braided carbon prepreg before?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
There's a few obstacles with braided sleeves Anthony. Firstly, I'm not sure how braided prepregs could even practically be manufactured, stored, handled or used (although there may be solutions I'm not familiar with). For starters, the prepreg process has films on the inside and outside of the prepreg, I'm not sure how that could work - practically - for a braided sleeve. Furthermore, in most cases, the fibre orientation of a braid would be wrong. Braids will have predominantly +/- 45 degree fibre orientation, or at least some off-axis orientation, due to the way they're woven. Most applications for carbon tubes made the way we do in this video use a lot of unidirectional carbon oriented down the length of the tube, which isn't possible using a braided sleeve.

ATL Riot
That came out really well. Can you reuse any of the vacuum material? Also does the inter bag have to go all the way through the vacuum bag or just one side open to atmosphere?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The bag is sealed on both sides otherwise it would never pull a vacuum

Mark Tangney
I'm very keen on his stuff now. Almost as accessible as fiberglass for the previous generation. I have a similar question to Jason's. Can some sort of balloon be used in an internal mould?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The moulds you need for a pressurised bladder need to be incredibly strong (usually billet aluminium) in order to resist the deflection of the 'unbalanced' pressurised bladder. Therefore they tend to be very expensive to produce. An internal vacuum bag setup like this exerts equal pressure on the inside and outside of the mould, allowing much lighter, more cost effective composite moulds to be used.

mwinner101
Does the seam give up any strength compared to the rest of the part? Will the failure be the same if part is tested 0° or turned 90°? Just wondering if the seem orientation needs to be factored. Thanks.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
The seam (and joins in carbon fibre) will inevitably influence the failure point on the component. Depending on the amount of overlap and the position and staggering of the joins though it could even be that the seam would fail last. Remember that it often wouldn't be possible to change the position or orientation of the seam if the mould is to work correctly as a split mould. Often there is only one place where the split can be.

The Akh
Cool, but not the most practical option for one off DIY. This is three step; plug, mold, layup with lots of surface prep between. Make the "plug" out of foam, layup. Dissolve foam and then finish work.
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Yes, you can do this. It really depends on the general quality you're working towards. A dissolvable foam mandrel will be putting you in a very different place in terms of accuracy, finish and future production but could be a workable option for one-offs or more basic solutions.

Nigel Taylor
A great video thanks. Does the internal bag have to be open at both ends or is one end sufficient ? I current make RC Glider fuselage pods using a bladder but am interested in trying the vac bag method. Many thanks
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Nigel, it would be absolutely fine for it to be only open at one end. This would be very common for complex frame sections or the plane fuselage, as you suggested.

Honda Nickx
I always wanted to know how to make this kind of tube. Now I know; thanks. Is this also somehow possible to make when using a plug so that the inside will be smooth everywhere? I once saw a 4-piece demountable tube as a plug .
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Wow, that would really be a complex moulding. Anything is possible but you'd face a huge number of difficulties and challenges to make a matched tool, split mould in the way you're describing. I'm not really sure that there are too many situations where a double A-side tube mould would be sufficiently required to justify the tooling and production complexity. Probably better to finish one side by hand.

Rolf Nilsen
If I may - some of us dinosaurs are still stuck with techniques from the 60s. I enjoy these pre-preg videos immensely. They are very good and there is always something to learn. If you get the time in the future however - some wet layup techniques in addition would be great :-)
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi Rolf, we totally agree. We're aware that our tutorials have been a bit prepreg heavy recently and so we have lots more planned using wet lay, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, resin infusion, all sorts of other techniques. There is definitely much more to composites than just prepreg and to be honest lots of what we do (training and manufacturing) uses lots more basic techniques. After the bike frame video we just needed to get this one made to explain the process in a clearer way. Now we can move on to some other techniques. In 2 videos' time it is a wet lay process, promise!

David Nee
I have done many vac bagging setups but never internal like this. I don't or didn't see how this worked......it looked like the green internal bag would collapse being vac'ed. To put pressure internally on the fiber, the internal green bag needs to be expanded. (???) I am seeing this wrong?
Gemakkelijk samenstellenMat
Hi David, yes, you might be seeing this wrong. Think of the pink bag being the vacuum bag, then think of the green bag as being a tunnel through the middle of the pink bag. That tunnel has the carbon fibre (and the split mould) on the outside of it. When the air is sucked out of the pink bag the atmospheric pressure pushes on the outside of the mould but also the inside of the tunnel. Does that make sense?

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